NCoR is phosphorylated by the Akt-linked phosphorylation on Ser1450 to induce protein folding, and misfolded and degenerated NCoR are associated with acute myeloid leukemia. The NCoR co-repressor has critical functions in nuclear receptor-mediated gene repression by interacting with partners such as the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Several studies have revealed the presence of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), G-protein pathway suppressor 2 (GPS2), transducin β-like-1 (TBL1), TBL-related-1 (TBLR1), Kaiso, TAK-binding protein 2 (TAB2), and coronin 2A (CORO2A) in the nuclear co-repressor (NCoR) complex. These results indicate that USP19 can mediate a variety of mechanisms within cells. USP19 was shown to be involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. For example, USP19 increased the stability of the cellular inhibitors of apoptosis 1 (c-IAP1) and c-IAP2. The noncatalytic activity of USP19 has been described. Several studies have suggested that USP19 has diverse roles in cellular processes, including cell cycle regulation, the response to hypoxia, and muscle atrophy. USP19 is a subfamily of the USPs which has the most number of DUBs (~55 USPs). Thus far, approximately 100 DUBs have been identified and grouped into at least five classes, ubiquitin specific proteases (USPs), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolases (UCHs), ovarian-tumor proteases (OTUs), Machado-Joseph diseases, and JAB1/MPN/MOV34 metalloenzymes (JAMMs). Accordingly, DUBs have been thought to be pivotal mediators in diverse cellular systems including signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, and cell death. DUBs have the ability to detach ubiquitin molecules from ubiquitinated substrates, changing the fate of these substrates, including their activity or stabilization. Deubiquitination is the opposite process of ubiquitination and is mediated by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs).
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
December 2022
Categories |